Table of Contents
Refrigeration for Large Scale Low Tc Superconducting Systems
Refrigeration for Large Scale Low Tc Superconducting Systems --Outline
Introduction
Goals of this presentation
Assessing refrigeration power
The helium liquefaction process
Isothermal compression
Isentropic expansion
Ideal helium process
Isothermal heat absorption
Power required for a non-isothermal load
PPT Slide
Formulas in the VLHC spreadsheet
Large cryogenic system references
LHC heat load estimating and plant cost references
Pressure drop in pipe
Pressure drop--for a first and often good-enough estimate, friction factor is about 0.04
Sonic flow through an orifice
Sonic flow through an orifice-- Relief device sizing in “SCFM air”
Plot from “Simultaneous Flow of Oil and Gas,” by Ovid Baker (1954) -- Do not use for helium!
Warning about 2-phase helium flow
References for 2-phase flow
Stratification of single phase helium flow
Connections and End Boxes
PPT Slide
LHC IR Quad Interconnect
PPT Slide
PPT Slide
PPT Slide
Pressure-induced pipe instability
Displacement force proportional to displacment
Lateral pipe instability: displacement force proportional to displacement (from unpublished paper by P.O. Mazur, Fermilab)
Lateral elastic pipe instability
US LHC high gradient quad (Q2P1) cold mass, support rings, and internal piping (from Tom Nicol, Fermilab)
PPT Slide
Provisions for cool-down and warm-up
Instrumentation
Instrumentation
Instrumentation thermal transitions
Instrumentation thermal transitions
Large Feedbox Heat Loads (not including power leads)
Losses during transfer from dewars
Safety comments
Relief valve sizing
Oxygen Deficiency Hazard (ODH)
ODH Analysis
ODH and general safety reference
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Author: tom peterson
Email: tommy@fnal.gov
Home Page: http://tdpc02.fnal.gov/peterson/tom/refmenu.htm
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